Managing financial resources and decisions JS and CO

Managing financial resources and decisions JS and CO JS and co is a medium sized retailer formed by two partners, James and Sainsbury, who are running it in the UK since 1869. The retailer specializes in quality food products but it sells other non-food products as well. This company got very good success in the market from the past three years. During this discussion we are going to discuss about this company sources of finance, finance as a source, financial decisions, and financial performance. The broad view of this company in our discussion: P1 (sources of Finance) P2 (Finance as a resource) P3 (Financial decisions) P4 (Financial performance) P1 (SOURCES OF FINANCE) IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO THE BUSINESS When a company is growing rapidly, for example when contemplating investment in capital equipment, its current financial resources may be inadequate. Few growing companies are able to finance their expansion plans from cash flow alone. They will therefore need to consider raising finance from other external sources. In addition, managers who are looking to buy-in to a business or buy-out a business from its owners may not have the resources to acquire the company. They will need to raise finance to achieve their objectives. There are a number of potential sources of finance to meet the needs of a growing business Existing shareholders and directors funds Business angels Clearing banks (overdrafts, short or medium term loans) Factoring and invoice discounting Hire purchase and leasing Venture capital A key consideration in choosing the source of new business finance is to strike a balance between equity and debt to ensure the funding structure suits the business. The main differences between borrowed money (debt) and equity are that bankers request interest payments and capital repayments, and the borrowed money is usually secured on business assets or the personal assets of shareholders and/or directors. A bank also has the power to place a business into administration or bankruptcy if it defaults on debt interest or repayments or its prospects decline. ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES. Financial institutions that transcend national boundaries and engage in such activities as extensive inter bank contracts, over-the-counter derivatives contracts, quit, bond, and syndicated loan issuance, and trading activities globally has led to stronger interconnections, innovation, and growth. While tighter interdependencies can increase the efficiency of the global financial system by smoothing credit allocation and risk diversification, they have also increased the potential for cross-market and cross-border disruptions to spread swiftly. In addition, financial innovations have enabled risk transfers that were not fully recognized by financial regulators and institutions themselves, and have complicated the assessment of counterparty risk, risk management, and policy responses. Although linkages across institutions have traditionally focused on solvency concerns, the current crisis reminds us of the relevance of liquidity spillovers, specifically that (1) Interconnectedness means difficulties in rolling over liabilities may spill over to the financial system as a whole; and that (2) Rollover risk associated with short-term liabilities is present not only in the banking sector but, equally importantly, in the nonblank financial sector. Thus, it is essential to improve our understanding and monitoring of direct and indirect financial systemic linkages, including by strengthening techniques to assess systemic link-ages, and thereby contribute to making systemic-focused supervision feasible. Four complementary approaches to assess financial sector systemic linkages and focuses on this definition of systemic risk: 2 The network approach The co-risk model The distress dependence matrix The default intensity model CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE BUSINESS. There are a number of ways of raising finance for a business. The type of finance chosen depends on the nature of the business. Large organizations are able to use a wider variety of finance sources than are smaller ones. Savings are an obvious way of putting money into a business. A small business can also borrow from families and friends. In contrast, companies raise finance by issuing shares. Large companies often have thousands of different shareholders. To gain extra finance a business can take out a loan from a bank or other financial institution. A loan is a sum of money lent for a given period of time. Repayment is made with interest. The lender of money needs to know all the business opportunities and risks involved and will therefore want to see a detailed business plan. The lender may also want some form of security should the business run into financial difficulty, and may therefore prefer to provide a secured loan. Another way of raising short-term finance is through an overdraft facility with a bank. The borrower is given permission to take out more from their account than they have put in. The bank fixes a maximum limit for the overdraft. Interest is charged on the overdraft daily. Businesses may also qualify for grants. Government and private funds are sometimes made available to businesses that meet certain conditions. For example, grants and loans may be available to firms setting up in rural areas or where there is high unemployment. Out comes: By this module I understood the different long term and short term sources of finance with the implications of choice of one source over the other and any advantages and disadvantages of sources different sources of finance. P2 (FINANCE AS A RESOURCE) ASSESS AND COMPARE THE COSTS OF ABOVE MENTIONED SOURCES OF FINANCE. A company might raise new funds from the following sources: The capital markets: i) New share issues, for example, by companies acquiring a stock market listing for the first time ii) Rights issues  · Loan stock  · Retained earnings  · Bank borrowing  · Government sources  · Business expansion scheme funds  · Venture capital  · Franchising. Ordinary (equity) shares Ordinary shares are issued to the owners of a company. They have a nominal or face value, typically of $1 or 50 cents. The market value of a quoted companys shares bears no relationship to their nominal value, except that when ordinary shares are issued for cash, the issue price must be equal to or be more than the nominal value of the shares. Deferred ordinary shares Are a form of ordinary shares, which are entitled to a dividend only after a certain date or if profits rise above a certain amount. Voting rights might also differ from those attached to other ordinary shares. Ordinary shareholders put funds into their company: a) By paying for a new issue of shares b) through retained profits. New shares issues A company seeking to obtain additional equity funds may be: a) An unquoted company wishing to obtain a Stock Exchange quotation b) An unquoted company wishing to issue new shares, but without obtaining a Stock Exchange quotation c) A company which is already listed on the Stock Exchange wishing to issue additional new shares. EXPLAINING THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL PLANNING Financial planning it is a process which presents before an individual, organization or even a country, the current financial position and the adjustments in the spending pattern, in order to meet the goals. Importance of Financial Planning It is important to plan finances in order to reap long term benefits through the assets in hand. The investments that one makes are structured properly and managed by professionals through financial planning. Every decision regarding our finances can be monitored if a proper plan is devised in advance. The following points explain why financial planning is important. Cash Flow: Financial planning helps in increasing cash flow as well as monitoring the spending pattern. The cash flow is increased by undertaking measures such as tax planning, prudent spending and careful budgeting. Capital: A strong capital base can be built with the help of efficient financial planning. Thus, one can think about investments and thereby improve his financial position. Income: It is possible to manage income effectively through planning. Managing income helps in segregating it into tax payments, other monthly expenditures and savings. Family Security: Financial planning is necessary from the point of view of family security. The various policies available in the market serve the purpose of financially securing the family. Investment: A proper financial plan that considers the income and expenditure of a person helps in choosing the right investment policy. It enables the person to reach the set goals. DESCRIBE THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF DIFFERENT DECISION MAKERS. Commonly used indicators such as the gross national product (GNP) and measurements of individual resource or pollution flows do not provide adequate indications of sustainability. Methods for assessing interactions between different sectoral environmental, demographic, social and developmental parameters are not sufficiently developed or applied. Indicators of sustainable development need to be developed to provide solid bases for decision-making at all levels and to contribute to a self-regulating sustainability of integrated environment and development systems. (a) To achieve more cost-effective and relevant data collection and assessment by better identification of users, in both the public and private sectors, and of their information needs at the local, provincial, national and international levels; (b) To strengthen local, provincial, national and international capacity to collect and use multicultural information in decision-making processes and to enhance capacities to collect and analyze data and information for decision-making, particularly in developing countries; (c) To develop or strengthen local, provincial, national and international means of ensuring that planning for sustainable development in all sectors is based on timely, reliable and usable information; (d) To make relevant information accessible in the form and at the time required to facilitate its use. DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OF FINANCE ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity. All the relevant financial information of a business enterprise presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand, is called the financial statements. There are four basic financial statements: Balance sheet: also referred to as statement of financial position or condition, reports on a companys assets, liabilities, and Ownership equity at a given point in time. Income statement: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a PL), reports on a companys income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. Profit Loss account provide information on the operation of the enterprise. These include sale and the various expenses incurred during the processing state. Statement of retained earnings: explains the changes in a companys retained earnings over the reporting period. Statement of cash flows: reports on a companys cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities. For large corporations, these statements are often complex and may include an extensive set of notes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. Outcome: By this module, I identify the costs of finance as a resource, how to make up a budget on the basis of given information and implication of failure to finance adequately. P3 (FINANCIAL DECISIONS) ANALYZE BUDGETS AND MAKE APPROPRIATE DECISIONS How much unbudgeted downside risk you should manage Worst-case scenario (given catastrophic losses) vs. regret The value (and cost) of compliance with regulations (for example, SOX) Real Options: The Value of Midcourse Corrections to Projects One of the fundamental insights of modern financial theory is that options have value. The phrase We are out of options is surely a sign of trouble. However, because corporations (and other organizations) make decisions in a dynamic environment, they usually have midcourse options that should be considered in project valuations: The Option to Abandon a project: Has value if return (or savings) turns out to be lower than expected The Option to Expand a project: Has value if return (or savings) turns out to be higher than expected The Option to Delay a project: Has value if the underlying variables are changing with a favorable trend The Option to Outsource a project: Has value if internal resources dont have required experience and expertise In practice, companies sometimes have other choices. They can delay the decision until later, when more information is available. Or, they can call in outside help, even after having deciding not to do so at the outset. Such investment timing options can dramatically affect a projects estimated mean NPV and risk. Projects that can easily be modified in these ways are more valuable than those that do not provide such flexibility. The more uncertain the outlook, the more valuable this flexibility becomes. CALCULATE UNIT COSTS AND MAKE PRICING DECISIONS USING RELEVANT INFORMATION. Defining Costs There are several types of costs to consider when conducting a breakeven analysis, so heres a refresher on the most relevant. Fixed costs: These are costs that are the same regardless of how many items you sell. All start-up costs, such as rent, insurance and computers, are considered fixed costs since you have to make these outlays before you sell your first item. Variable costs: These are recurring costs that you absorb with each unit you sell. Setting a Price This is critical to your breakeven analysis; you cant calculate likely revenues if you dont know what the unit price will be. Psychology of Pricing: Pricing can involve a complicated decision-making process on the part of the consumer, and there is plenty of research on the marketing and psychology of how consumers perceive price. Take the time to review articles on pricing strategy and the psychology of pricing before choosing how to price your product or service. Pricing Methods: There are several different schools of thought on how to treat price when conducting a breakeven analysis. It is a mix of quantitative and qualitative factors. The formula: Dont worry, its fairly simple. To conduct your breakeven analysis, take your fixed costs, divided by your price, minus your variable costs. As an equation, this is defined as: Breakeven Point = Fixed Costs/(Unit Selling Price Variable Costs) This calculation will let you know how many units of a product youll need to sell to break even. Above the breakeven point, every additional unit sold increases profit by the amount of the unit contribution margin, which is defined as the amount each unit contributes to covering fixed costs and increasing profits. As an equation, this is defined as: ASSESS THE VIABILITY OF A PROJECT USING INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES. Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria 1. Understand the nature of accounting, accountability and stewardship within a business environment Understand the nature and purpose of book-keeping and accounting and the difference between them. Be able to: Explain the difference between book-keeping, financial accounting and management accounting. Identify different stakeholders and their interest in the financial position of the business. Explain how accounting can be used for planning, decision making and control. Be able to: Identify and describe the fundamental accounting concepts of going concern, accruals, consistency, prudence and true and fair. Identify the key elements of financial statements (income, expenses, assets, liabilities, capital) and describe their relationship using the accounting equation. 1. Understand the nature of accounting, accountability and stewardship within a business environment (continued) Identify the main financial statements and explain how they are compiled (Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement). Describe how financial accounts are regulated using accounting standards. 2. Understand how financial statements can be analysed and interpreted to judge the performance of a business Understand how financial statements can be analysed and interpreted using ratio analysis so that stakeholders can judge the performance of a business. Be able to: Identify likely users of ratio analysis and explain how they might use the information. Calculate and interpret profitability ratios (gross profit, net profit, ROCE, asset turnover). Calculate and interpret liquidity ratios (current ratio, acid test ratio, debtor days, creditor days, stock turnover days). Calculate and interpret investment ratios (gearing, interest cover, simple EPS) Use ratio analysis to make comparisons between one business over time, two businesses or to compare results to industry standards. Explain the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis. 3. Understand the importance of working capital maintenance (continued) Explain how creditors can be used as a source of finance and identify the costs of trade credit. Explain how the elements of working capital can be managed effectively to minimise borrowing and its associated costs. Understand how a cash flow forecast can be used to predict and manage future working capital requirements. Be able to: Distinguish between cash and profit. Identify and understand the implications of non-cash accounting adjustments such as depreciation and provision for bad debts. Prepare a simple cash flow forecast and identify periods of cash excess or cash shortage. 4. Identify and assess different sources of funding available for business Understand that there are a range of sources of finance available for businesses and those different types of finance are suitable for different purposes. 5. Understand and distinguish between costs based on their behaviour Understand that costs can be classified in different ways based on their behaviour. Outcome: By this module I able to understand the different investment appraisal techniques and nature of long-term decisions. P4 (FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE) EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF MAIN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The three main financial statements are: The balance sheet-which reports a corporations assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity as of a point-in-time (e.g., as of midnight of December 31, 2009). The income statement-which reports a corporations revenues and expenses for a period of time, such as a year, quarter, month, 52 weeks, 13 weeks, etc. The statement of cash flows (or cash flow statement)-which provides information on the change in a corporations cash and cash equivalents during the same period of time as the income statement. The financial statements that are distributed outside of a company need to be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). For example, the cost principle generally requires that the balance sheet should report long-lived assets at cost minus accumulated depreciation. The matching principle requires that the cost of long-lived assets used in the business be allocated to various accounting periods in which they generate revenues or are used up. ANALYSES FINANCIAL STATEMENTS USING APPROPRIATE RATIONS AND COMPARISONS, BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL. 1. CURRENT RATIO OR WORKING CAPITAL RATIO: Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current liabilities it is also known as working capital ratio. Current assets CURRENT RATIO = Current liabilities Year ended 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 Current assets(in crores) 913.27 2333 1614 1171 913.27 Current liabilities(in crores) 1479 994 475 336 213 Ratio 0.62 2.347 3.397 3.485 4.132 Interpretation: A current ratio of 2:1 is usually considered as ideal. If it is less than 2, then it means the company is not enjoying the adequate liquidity. In past five years it shows a decline in the ratios. 2. QUICK RATIO: Formula = Current Assets Inventory Prepaid Expenses Current Liabilities Interpretation: A quick ratio of 1 is considered ideal. In all the five years, it was above 1, where the funds can be properly employed. LEVERAGE RATIOS 1. DEBT EQUITY RATIO: Debt-equity ratio, also known as External-Internal ratio is calculated to measure the relative claims of outsiders and the owners (i.e., shareholders) against the firms assets. This ratio indicates the relationship between the external equities or the outsiders funds and the internal equities or the share holders funds. Interpretation: A DEBT EQUITY RATIO OS 2:1 IS IDEAL. IN 2004-06 THERE IS NO DEBT EQUITY RATIO. IN 2007 AN 2008 IT SHOWED A NEGLIGIBLE VALUE. 2. PROPRIETORY RATIO: It is the ratio between shareholders equity and Total Assets. Formula= Shareholders Equity Total Assets YEAR SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY TOTAL ASSETS RATIO 2004 125.34 1309 0.095 2005 140.71 1651 0.085 2006 285.15 2257 0.126 2007 291.80 3389 0.086 2008 298.65 3987 0.074 Interpretation: A higher the proprietary ratio the better it is In all the five years it is less than one. It shows weak financial position of the business. 3. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: It is the ratio between EBIT and Interest Formula = EBIT Interest YEAR EBIT INTEREST RATIO 2004 355 2005 410 2006 499 1 499 2007 693 6 115.5 2008 834 13 64.15 Interpretation: The higher interest coverage ratio the better it is. In 2004 there is no interest coverage ratio. In 2006, 2007 2008 it showed a heavy ration which indicates a greater safety of Out come: By this I understood the basis business and accounting terminology used and should be able to interpret the information collected from financial statements using ratio analysis and could draw conclusions from it. CONCLUSIONS By this module I understood the different long term and short term sources of finance with the implications of choice of one source over the other and any advantages and disadvantages of sources different sources of finance. By this module I identify the costs of finance as a resource, how to make up a budget on the basis of given information and implication of failure to finance adequately. By this module I able to understand the different investment appraisal techniques and nature of long-term decisions. By this I understood the basis business and accounting terminology used and should be able to interpret the information collected from financial statements using ratio analysis and could draw conclusions from it.

Poems from the Kokinshu: A Literary Analysis Essay

Poems from the Kokinshu is an anthology of poems from the Japanese medieval times (Lawall. ed, 2002). The anthology is divided into different poems depicting human emotions as they vary season after season, or as people move into an entirely new environment. The principal theme of the poems revolve around the concept of love—the progression of feelings, the â€Å"entire course of the love affair, early yearnings, passionate meetings, sadness and regret† (Rodd and Henkenius, 1996). As each season, starting from spring, progresses, the emotions entailed in each poem also changes and develops. One of the principal stylistic features in the anthology is simile, wherein the author compares his feelings to his observation of what is happening in his environment. An example of simile is expressed in Poem II, 73: â€Å"like the world hollow as a cicada’s cast-off shell– oh cherry blossoms– you too will fade away just as we catch sight of your beauty† In this particular poem, the author compares his object of affection to a decaying shell of the cicada as the day turns into night. Simile occurs in several poems just like the said example. Another striking stylistic feature presented in the poem is antithesis, wherein the author expresses his emotions in contrast to his environment. In several poems wherein the prevailing emotion is grief, the author contrasts his feelings to the beauty of his environment. Here is an example from Poems 7 and 8 from the Spring Poems of the Kokinshu: â€Å"so longingly have I awaited the fresh flowers of spring, that they have dyed my soul and I see snow as clustered blooms on branches though I bask in the comforting warmth of spring’s light how melancholy to think that my hair now wears a crown of winter snow† Aside from the aforementioned poems being examples of antithesis, parts of them also suggest allegory. The phrases â€Å"they have dyed my soul† and â€Å"to think that my hair now wears a crown of winter snow† mean that the character in the poem is old and has white hair. The antithesis comes as he describes the warmth of spring in contrast to the cold winter which his body and soul are experiencing, i. e. , his old age. Given that the anthology was written and compiled in the Japanese medieval times, the concepts or theme presented in The Kokinshu are parallel to other literary works done in different parts of the world, such as the Medieval Lyrics of the English Literature. Though a significant number of these lyrics talk about Christianity and religion, most works are also written in the concept of love with a pretext of nature. An example of a Medieval Lyric similar to the theme of a Kokinshu poem is Westron Wind (Western Wind): â€Å"Westron wind, when will thou blow? The small rain down can rain. Christ, if my love were in my arms, And I in my bed again. † As said earlier, the prevailing concept tackled in the anthology is love and its accompanying emotions that were given color and described in comparison/contrast to nature and its seasons. The concept of love, though internationally recognized throughout the centuries and millennium, is somewhat a secondary concept in the 21st century. In this day and age, with all the prevailing issues such as technology, globalization and others, the concept of love is deemed unimportant to be tackled, although, it is indeed, as cliche dictates, the universal language. As Mario Vargas Llosa said, literature is â€Å"one of the common denominators of human experience through which human beings may recognize themselves and converse with each other, no matter how different their professions, their life plans, their geographical and cultural locations, their personal circumstances. † Although the concept of love is not deemed as important as business or political concepts nowadays, it still is a ruling emotion that affects each person. Any person who has loved or wanted to love, or even despised love, can relate to the verses of the Kokinshu, including myself. References Lawall, S. N. (Ed. ) (2002). The Norton Anthology of World Literature. New York: WW Norton & Co, Inc. Rodd, L. R. , & Henkenius, M. C. (Eds. ) (1996). Kokinshu: A Collection of Poems Ancient

Different Societal Institutions Such as the Family, Government and Religion Essay

Different societal institutions such as the family, government and religion, have been seen to have an impact on marriage. The government plays a role in marriage and mate selection when divorce raises issues. Not only does the government play a role in marriage and mate selection, religion also raises conflict for married couples, such as where and how a couple may get married, and if the religion supports the legal issue of divorce. Lastly, family plays a important role in marriage and mate selection through the way their children are raised since people tend to marry people who share similar beliefs and values. The societal institution such as the government, have been seen to have an impact on marriage such as divorce and cohabitation when legal rights come into force. When a divorce happens between couples, the legal issues will give you rights to things such as child support-if you have children, property division and spousal support. Both parents are forced into supporting their family financially in the legal rights called child support. If you and the other parent do not live together, you must split the costs of caring for your child. In most cases, child support is paid until the child can be dependent until the age of 18. However, if the child choses to get married or leave home under the age of 18, they are no longer considered dependent. Now you must be wondering how much child support will cost an individual. The costs may vary depending on the province you are currently living in. This is called the â€Å"Child Support Guidelines†. Many factors are involved in deciding how much child support is paid such as gross income, and how many dependent children the parent with physical custody is supporting. Furthermore, when you apply for child support, the court is entitled to know information about both spouses’ finances. This is known as financial disclosure. Did you know that in Ontario you must be at least 18 years old to get married? Since that in Canada it is a law that you cannot marry another person if you are already married, also known as polygamy, divorce becomes a legal issue. The Divorce Act and the process of getting a divorce remains the same all over Canada. First, you or your spouse must apply for a divorce in court. When you are applying for a divorce, you must be able to demonstrate that the marriage has broken-down. The most common situations that the court sees is that you and your spouse have been separated for at least a year by living in separate housing, if you or your partner committed infidelity, or if the marriage is abusive that it is no longer safe to live with each other. Functionalist might say that divorce is dysfunctional in society since it goes against the norm in marriage where it states that two people are united until â€Å"death do you part†. The societal institution such as religion, have been seen to have an impact on marriage such as same sex marriages and the ceremonies people have when they get married. There are many types of marriages that you can have as we witnessed in the film, â€Å"Get Him to the Greek†, where the family wanted a religious ceremony performed by a religious organization listed in the Marriage Act. In contrast, some couples prefer a civil ceremony that is performed by a judge, justice of the peace, city clerk or someone else who is licenced to perform marriages. Divorce also brings religious barriers to remarriage. Some religions do not believe in divorce and say that you cannot get remarried in a religious ceremony. Furthermore, religion can have a barrier on same-sex marriage. Some religions consider same-sex marriages to be abnormal, so it can be tough for the family to accept that their son or daughter is gay or lesbian. Family acceptance is important to the individual’s self, and if the individual’s family does not accept a part of who they are, they might feel disowned and a loss of self-worth, which leads to conflict in the relationship. Family plays a role in marriage and mate selection through the way they raise their children for the reason that people tend to marry people who share similar beliefs and values. Martin Whyte’s study of dating and marriage mentions that marital success can be determined. He mentions in his study that the dating experience was not a predictor of success, enduring married couples had several characteristics in common, which are having similar values, enjoying similar leisure time activities, pooling their incomes, sharing in power and decision making in their relationship, having friends in common and having an active social life together. Whyte, 2001) Family has an impact on people’s beliefs and values, how they spend their leisure time, and their social life. System theorists agree that families have an impact on marriage and mate selection of their children because the system theory can help explain issues seen in an individual such as social issues by looking at how they were raised. Different societal institutions present may challenges for married couples. Many factors from divorce amongst all the legal issues associated with it, to religion beliefs, of when and how a couple gets married and the family acceptance of same-sex marriages. Last of all, factors of exactly how an individual is raised by their family plays a significant role in marriage and mate selection and Martin Whyte explains. All three of the different societal institutions play a significant role in determining the success of the couple’s relationship.

Management Business Employees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1324 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? DOUGLAS MCGREGOR AND HIS XY THEORY Douglas McGregor is an American social psychologist, Harvard graduate class of 1935 and is one of the forefathers of contemporary management thinking. He began investigating the importance of people to business, and he believed something that CEOs today have come to comprehend: in order to thrive, an organization needs to harness the commitment, enthusiasm, and the intelligence of all their employees. McGregor was a management professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. One of his key contributions was a 1960 book he wrote called ‘The Human Side of Enterprise which had an intense and major impact in management practice. Which also introduce a humanistic approach to the business aspects. In Detroit, as a youth he worked as a district manager for his grandfathers institute transient labor. He learnt a lot about concerns in management sector, from the retail aspects to people skills. McGregor helped found The Indust rial Relations Sector in MIT; he rejoined the new faculty within MIT School of Industrial Management until his death in 1964. McGregor said and proved that to truly succeed; companies must develop an organization that is built on enduring relationships with the workforce and customers.I think McGregor was right about how companies can succeed. Because, in an organization, the key players are the staff first, followed by managers. Floor staff, are the one that communicate with customers, sell stock, the operation team will make sure there is enough stock or if there is any that needs to be ordered in. Management steps in when orders are late, they will call the distribution company to enquire. But in many cases the operation team will know what to do, how to order and when to order. McGregor and many other forefathers stress the important of social relations within an organization, understanding workers as human beings with social and emotional needs. When working for Boots the Chemist, there was a hotline that you could call and have confidential conversation with a consular. Boots was a great place to work if you were a single parent, and needed stability for the next 2-5 years. It valued their staff and personal problems. This is probably why; many staff in the flagship store I worked had an average of 3 years. Boots showed support all round for the staff, many company do not. Thus, Boots adopted Theory Y, where staff learnt to accept and seek responsibility. Staff exercised self-direction and control towards achieving objectives they are committed to, and people will view work as fun, rather than must do obstacle. When I also worked for Argos, I must say it was the worst experience ever, but, maybe it was difficult time, or even maybe it was because coming from a Theory Y atmosphere and moving to a Theory X. Argos is a repetitive work place, with less interaction with customers. Because, when anyone goes to Argos they know what they want, product k nowledge isnt that much of a demand. As the catalogs have all the description for you. Within an Argos shop floor, there are four departments, jewelry, tills, collection point, and returns. Staffs dislike their own department, and their surrounding. Thus, no one goes the extra mile; they prefer to be directed to achieve objectives not because they are unsure, more because they dislike work. Theory X and Theory Y was developed by Douglas McGregor which are suppose to show two intense examples in ways mangers can relate to employees. McGregors work was based on ‘Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. He also suggested that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees, and that better results can obtain by using both theories. During my research, I have come to realize both theories can work depending on the country the level of formality or informality and the power distance. Whether its high power distance; this is where the boss makes all the decision and staff or me mbers comply with it. Lower power distance is the opposite, where employees do not recognize a power hierarchy. But will accept orders only when they feel threaten, or think the orders are suitable for the current activity. Theory X is suppose to be the traditional on how management views its staff, that employees need to be bossed and pushed around to accomplished a task. According to McGregor, most management tends to apply Theory X and managers tend to adopt a more authoritarian style. Which I think this is common in developing world rather than developed world. A lot of formality will take effect here; considerable importance to tradition, social rules and especially rank. X theory managers are not easy to work with, usually unpleasant, poor listener, does not thank or praise their staff, arrogant with a short temper. In comparison, Theory Y also known as participative management style, Management in this section view employees in a brighter shade, where they are ready to accept responsibility, committed to the organization goals and are creative at work with a high potential. In simple form, managers here have more faith in their employers, thus gives the employees a chance to be who somebody. As theory Y manager try to remove any barriers. Managers in Theory Y would have performance appraisal or management which is put into an action plan for the year. Managers will have a systematic planning and monitoring of their performance. Performance management involves different types of performance such as; planning, reviewing, developing and critical dimension. There are many types of dimension; common are time, focus, input/output and quality. I think in theory Y people a ready for change but not theory X; this takes us back to change management. When we analyse the two theories, all I see is negative and positive people which can be changed. Bad and good managers or more like managers in high and low context culture. People are the organization ; people are the ones who bring in the net at the end of the financial year. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. -Douglas McGregor For business implications; participation management is needed. Managers need to involve employees in decision making, not that its only fair, but its only realistic that the employees that are hired to be on a shop floor tend to know major changes that can make a happy working environment, thus staff will be more motivated to hit their targets including performance appraisals. Decentralization and delegation -If organizations decentralize control and reduce the number of levels of management; managers will have more subordinates and consequently will be forced to delegate some responsibility and decision making to employees. Thus, an organization will have team leaders, which can solve petty problems and make decision that does not necessary need management. McGregor mentioned that both theories can be put in to action and work. I am assuming he means only the United States or where he was based when doing his research. I find it hard to understand how it can work in the UK I have already given an example of Argos where managers practice the X theory. No staff is authorized to do anything without the managers consent. Theory X can be put in practice in the United States, definitely, four years living there, I think many staff need the push and are not bothered, more of an attitude problem and lack of ambition due to many American especially minority such as Afro-American, Latino and Mexican blaming the system, as they believe the system owes them. This is due to slavery and colonization. https://www.mgmtguru.com [Accessed 20 December 2007 and 7 January 2008] Venkateswara Rao, T. (2004) Performance management and appraisal systems: HR tools for global competitiveness. Sage Publication Ltd. Williams, S.W, (2002). Making better business decisions. R esponse Books. Sage Publication, Inc. https://www.learningmatters.com/idx/8212/index.html [Accessed 15 December 2007 and 7 January 2008] Clegg, S.R., (1999). Managing Organizations. Sage Publications Ltd https://curiouscat.com/guides/mcgregorbio.cfm [Accessed 06 January 2008 and 7 January 2008] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Business Employees" essay for you Create order

The s Argument Of The International System Essay

Mearsheimer’s argument states that great powers are always in competition with each other to become a hegemon. There are five assumptions about the international system from which this statement comes from: that the international system is anarchic (there is no higher authority above the states), that great powers inherently possess some offensive military capability (they are potential threats to each other), that states can never be sure about other states’ intentions, that survival is the primary goal of great powers, and that great powers are rational actors (Krieger, 50-51). Individually, these five assumptions do not make one believe that great powers should act aggressively toward each other, but together, they give great powers strong incentives to do so. They also result in three behaviours: fear, self-help, and power maximization (Krieger, 51). Great powers do not trust each other and this creates fear amongst them that another state could attack at any moment . Due to this fear, states emphasize self-help. The cannot trust or depend on other states and must therefore always be prepared to help and lookout for themselves. States learn that the best way to survive is to be the strongest state, ideally a hegemon. This creates a strong deterrence in weaker states from attacking the stronger states. Mearsheimer’s claim is that it is the structure of the international system and not characteristics of states and their leaders that causes states to act aggressivelyShow MoreRelatedThe International Criminal Court : A Classical Realism Point Of View815 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1998, the International Criminal Court was created through the Rome Statute. The court was made with the intention of being a justice system that had jurisdiction over international crimes such as war crimes and genocide. Originally, there were 124 states that ratified the International Criminal Court and there were 31 states that signed. 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Analysis of the Cell Phone Industry - 1253 Words

FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF THE CELL PHONE INDUSTRY The cell phone industry is a competitive market and will increase continuously. The profitability of individual companies is driven mainly by their ability to develop new products, providing better service and making their products affordable for consumers. Profitability of companies is achieved also by taking advantage of product marketing, access to capital, and by inquiring the expertise to improve the cell phones. The profitability of the cell phone industry depends on the number of consumers they can attract. The profitability of the cell phone industry is dependent on the volume of consumers they can attract. The cell phone industry looks strong and competitive between the†¦show more content†¦The only real substitute is to buy all the functions of a mobile phone in the individual products, which would not be plausible to carry all around on a person at the same time. It is hard to be replaced for a different product, since it covers so many different needs. MOST ATTRACTIVE FACTOR OF THE 5 FORCES MODEL We believe that the most attractive factor in the microenvironment of the mobile phone industry is the threat of substitutes. As we have said above, the mobile phone does not have a real substitute since it offers a huge range of services and functions in just one device, and there are no other products that can offer these characteristics. The importance of communications today, has made the mobile phone a basic need for everyone, and the possibility of being in contact with the world at any time or place is a function offered exclusively by mobile phones. Both of the reasons explained above make this industry highly profitable and attractive for potential companies. 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Internship Progress Reports

Question: Discuss about the Internship Progress Reports. Answer: Identification and analysis of the organizations training programs Mantra on Kent offers a detailed tailor made training programs for all their interns and employees so that they skills and competencies can be enhanced (Posavac, 2015). They have also formulated intensive training period depending on the area of the specialization of their interns and employees along with the opportunity to perform team leading tasks. Moreover, interns are provided with management assignments through which their understanding on the hotels facilities and development programs can be evaluated (Ford, 2014). Existing mentor and coach also guide the new interns so that they can work effectively on various projects in the hotel. In addition to that, there annual leadership programs run also formulated for enhancing their leadership skills for managing other people and organizational culture. Jehanzeb and Bashir (2013) depict that Mantra on Kent provides comprehensive training program for their employee in order to formulate service-oriented line level employees, who will successfullyengage with their guest and guide them for providing the best customers services. Moreover, the concerned organization also provide supervisory skill buildersprograms to their employee so that they can enhance their competencies and topics like time management, communication, staffing and leadership are offered so that they can learn the important aspect for attaining the organizational goals in their hotel (Mantra on Kent, 2017). Mantra on Kent also provides more than30,000 hours and 2,300 hours internal and external training in the year 2017 (Mantra on Kent, 2017). In house training for staffs are also provided to the employee for offering sufficient information regarding the risk and occurred in hotel and possible solution for those risks. All these training aspects that are provided to in terns and staffs enhance their personal and professional competencies so that they can guide other team members to prove their leadership skills. Thus, Mantra on Kent Evaluation of the training programs compared to the competitors training programs Meriton Serviced Apartments and Adina Apartment Hotel are their competitors in terms of business and the evaluation of the training programs compared to the training providedin Mantra on Kent are as follows: Less training hours Mantra on Kentoffers 30,245 internal training hours and 2,371 external training hours; whereas, Meriton and Adina provides only 10,000 hours and 15,000 hours approximately on internal and external training respectively (Mantra on Kent, 2017). Regular assessment also taken in Manta so that the employees skills are continuously improving not only in terms of managing people by also in maintaining the organizational culture (Mantra on Kent, 2017). Motivation for employee In rest of the competitors culture, trainees and interns, who are performing well only get appreciation during the programs; while, Mantra on Kent offers job responsibilities if an intern performs well compared to others during the training. This provision of associating with the organization also motivate the interns to work for the benefits the organization and self-advancement in other organization (Lazaroiu, 2015). Identification and analysis of the business objectives The objective of the Mantra on Kent is to generate maximum revenues for the hotel through improving their facilities like food and beverage services, high customer satisfaction, incorporating new technologies and attaining employee retention (Grissemann et al., 2013). All these factors ensure the brand reputation in the community and helps in boosting the customer base. Moreover, motivating, assessing their performance and providing opportunities to the employees are also the objective of the Mantra on Kent. In this way, the employees performance can be assessed easily regarding the term whether they are performing their responsibilities or not (Torres and Kline, 2013). Strategies to meet these business objectives Offering Capacity Bonuses The managing authorities also offer capacity bonuses for their interns and staffs on their quality performance. Taken for instance, in terms of hotels bookings if an employee booked more rooms in a specific time like a week or month, they will receive extra bonus that on the other hand motivates them to serve their best so that they can attain more financial benefits. Use Guest Cards Han and Yoon (2015) stated that guest cards allow hotel managers to evaluate the performance of their employees and interns. These cards are given to the customers before they check out. Torres and Kline (2013) also describes that these cards allow the customer to comments on the facilities and services they get from the hotel and the attendants. The Mantra on Kent offers pay bonusesto the staff, who receive the maximum number of constructive acknowledge from the guests. This extra pay provides motivation for the high performing employee. Achieving customer satisfaction Hsiao et al. (2016) portrays that as hospitality industry are liable to provide quality experience in order to attract them for higher revenue and brand recognition. Mantra on Kent provide accommodation facilities along with experience of 24 hour reception, cascades, child minding, laundry services photocopying and room services, customer may felt problem in the services to they may have suggestions from their side for he further improvement in the quality of the services (Mantra on Kent, 2017). These aspects on handling in priority provide the customers a satisfaction that encourages them to use their services again. Staff Training Moreover, if staffs of the organization are well trained, they can fulfill their desired objectives in order to satisfy the requirement of the guests (Decker and Townes, 2016). Yearly training on fulfilling customers requirements and hospitality etiquettes along with the regular communication with the experts regarding handling the customers complaints is fulfilled by Mantra on Kent. All these factors help the concerned organization to achieve high customer satisfaction rate. Incorporating new technologies Wi-Fi infrastructure and digital facility overhauls Collins (2015) stated that people in recent times spend more time on their smart devices to accomplish their work. Thus, Mantra on Kent provides facility like Wi-Fi technology and digital conference facilities for office meetings so that people can use internet and access to audio-visual (AV) facilities. In addition to that, Chan and Lam (2013) highlights the fact that in recent times, people are more concerned towards security issues and hotel industries spend more revenue in making the payments modes and data security followed by guest room technology, bandwidth facility and mobile engagement. Image 1: Hospitality sectors priority in 2016 (Source: Chan and Lam, 2013) Mantra on Kent in this context majorly emphasizes on the automation process so that customer do not have to worry about payments, booking their requests and acquiring knowledge on their own. In this way, customers feel that this hotel adopts modern technology and they desire to experience their services. Energy conversation In recent times, problems like global warming and climate change is severe and many organizations hence take initiatives of using energy efficient products within their company (Leung Law, 2013). Nicolau and Santa-Mara (2013) also depicts that according to energy consumption model, heat sources, Auxiliary equipments, heat distribution system, hot water supply, water, water supply and drainage, ventilation and electric power receiving are the energy consumption aspect in an hospitality industry in which much power and energy required to operate the hotel operational functionalities. Image 2: Energy consumption structure of a hotel (Source: Nicolau Santa-Mara, 2013) Mantra on Kent uses products like energy efficient taps, flow controllers, sanitary wares and white goods as per as the water efficiency guidelines regulated by Government of Australia through their Water Efficiency Labeling and Standards (WELS) scheme (Water Rating Water efficiency, 2017). Moreover, all the appliances used in this hotel are energy rated through which the energy and money is saved and environmental adversities can be diminished. Following all these strategies the objectives for Mantra on Kent can be fulfilled along with the high rates employee retention, customer satisfaction and advance technologies. Interrelations between the internal and external stakeholders to obtain objectives Stakeholders are the people, who are affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies and can be categorized as- internal stakeholders and external stakeholders (Mishra et al., 2014). Pinheiro (2015) defines that an internal stakeholders are those entities, who are directly associated with the business; while, an external stakeholder are the people, who are influenced by the action taken by the organization. Employees, managing authorities and boards of directors can be categorized within internal stakeholders, whereas, investors, suppliers, government and consumers are the external stakeholders compared to an organization (Fikru, 2014). In context with the Mantra on Kent, the internal stakeholders are the interns, working personnel, managers, owner and board of directors and the external stakeholders are the customers, suppliers and government. Pinheiro (2015) mentioned that both the internal and external stakeholders are liable for attaining the business objectives through the implementation of their skills and competencies for the betterment of the organization. Internal stakeholders like owner of the company, board of directors and managers provide required resources like- procuring machinery, identifying suitable premise and necessary equipment and raw materials to operate the business functionality efficiently. Moreover the employees serve their best to achieve the companys objectives through their team building effort and good interpersonal skills (Rothaermel, 2015). Beringer et al. (2013) furthermore depicts that in terms of external stakeholders, customers are said to be the supporters of businesses in the economy and these people helps business to identify changing trends that can provide an overview of the business performance. Lastly, other external stakeholders are the governments and they are liable for impleme nting regulations for business activities in order to protect consumers from adversities that can be occurred from the products and services they are getting (Fikru, 2014). Thus, in order to perform the business operation efficiently, satisfying the stakeholders and the interrelationship among the internal and external stakeholder is important. In terms of Mantra on Kent, they take necessary steps to satisfy the needs and demands of the internal stakeholders by fulfilling the guidelines to gratify their external stakeholder (Fikru, 2014). One such inter-relationship can be illustrated through the guest cards and the feedback survey Manta on Kent offers to their guests so that they can rate their services. The rating or the feedback reveals their competencies and allows them to identify their advantages and drawbacks. Weiss (2014) stated that this approach also ensure their future improvement and thus, this interrelation of the internal stakeholder that are owner or staffs of the organization with the external stakeholder that are the customers, help to achieve the organizations objectives of attaining customer satisfaction. Two factors that are identified in the above section were- handling customer complaints and staff training. Handling customers complains provide the organization an overview regarding their disadvantages ; as a result, organization improves their facilities to make the customers (external stakeholder) satisfied (Weiss, 2014). This improvement not only ensures the accomplishment of their objectives for customers satisfaction but also enhance their brand recognition (Rothaermel, 2015). In terms of staff training, the managers (internal stakeholder) take initiatives for providing training to their staffs (internal stakeholder). Thus, it can be seen that, in the former case, there is an interrelationship between the internal and external stakeholder; while, in the latter case, the interrelationship between the two internal stakeholders is illustrated. Moreover, in terms of accomplishing employee retention, Mantra on Kent motivates their staffs and interns. The staff gets motivated if they are paid for their effort and get additional benefits for their better performance than others (Rothaermel, 2015). Taken for instance, if a staff or intern gets more positive comments from their customers or if they accomplish responsibilities beyond their desired tasks, they are eligible for getting bonus. Thus, in this way, the internal stakeholders (staffs) serve their best by utilizing their knowledge to satisfy their customers (external stakeholders). Moreover, the greater the customer satisfaction is the higher will be the bonus conquered by an employee that is provided by the owner or managing authorities (internal stakeholder) of the organization (Fikru, 2014). Thus, in order to attain employee retention through motivation, there is an interrelation among the internal and external stakeholders. In addition to that, for incorporating new technologies, there is a connection among the customers and the managers of the organization, which is again represents the interrelationship between the internal and external stakeholders (Mishra et al., 2014). The increasing demand of the technology does not only allow the automation of the operations but also provide them competitive advantage compared to other companies in the market. This demand of the customer (external stakeholders) encourages the managers (internal stakeholders) to obtain their business objectives by enhancing their operations by adopting modern technologies. In addition to that, implementation of technology in the workplace allows the employee to attain more knowledge. This knowledge ensures their development of their skills and job potential. Weiss (2014) mentioned that an employee desire to retain in an organization, where the work environment provides them to learn new things that can enhance them both personally and professionally. Moreover, in terms of adopting the energy efficient initiatives, interaction between the government (external stakeholder) and organizations managing authorities (internal stakeholders) is occurred. The regulations for using the energy efficient appliances or products are utilized in order to diminish the environmental adversities of global warming and climate change (Beringer et al., 2013). This approach helps the Mantra on Kent to attract more customers as in recent times; consumers become more concern about the green technology. However, this follow up of the governing regulation in the business operations, makes the customer more satisfied and they will prefer to experience the services of this hotel accommodation facility. Thus, it can be concluded that, in order to perform business operations or to attain business objectives, interrelationship among the internal and external stakeholder are important as performance of one stakeholder (staff) affects the satisfaction of other stakeholder (customer). The higher the number of satisfied customers is attained by Mantra on Kent, the greater will be its brand reputation, customer retention and employee retention. References Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Chan, E. S., Lam, D. (2013). Hotel safety and security systems: Bridging the gap between managers and guests.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 202-216. Collins, G. (2015). Ubiquitous wi-fi implementations in hotels: Key planning factors.White Paper. Decker, E. N., Townes, J. A. (2016). Going Vertical: Enhancing Staff Training Through Vertically Integrated Instruction.The Experiential Library: Transforming Academic and Research Libraries through the Power of Experiential Learning, 135. Fikru, M. G. (2014). International certification in developing countries: The role of internal and external institutional pressure.Journal of environmental management,144, 286-296. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Grissemann, U., Plank, A., Brunner-Sperdin, A. (2013). Enhancing business performance of hotels: The role of innovation and customer orientation.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 347-356. Han, H., Yoon, H. (2015). Customer retention in the eco-friendly hotel sector: examining the diverse processes of post-purchase decision-making.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(7), 1095-1113. Hsiao, Y. H., Chen, L. F., Choy, Y. L., Su, C. T. (2016). A novel framework for customer complaint management.The Service Industries Journal, 1-24. Jehanzeb, K., Bashir, N. A. (2013). Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.Training and Development,5(2). Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), 97-102. Leung, R., Law, R. (2013). Evaluation of hotel information technologies and EDI adoption: The perspective of hotel IT managers in Hong Kong.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,54(1), 25-37. Mantra on Kent | Sydney Hotel Accommodation NSW | Mantra Hotels. (2017).Mantraonkent.com.au. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.mantraonkent.com.au/ Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), 183-202. Internship Progress Reports Torres, E., Kline, S. (2013). From customer satisfaction to customer delight: Creating a new standard of service for the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(5), 642-659. Nicolau, J. L., Santa-Mara, M. J. (2013). The effect of innovation on hotel market value.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 71-79. Pinheiro, R. (2015). The role of internal and external stakeholders. InHigher Education in the BRICS Countries(pp. 43-57). Springer Netherlands. Posavac, E. (2015).Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. Routledge. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Water Rating Water efficiency. (2017).Waterrating.gov.au. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.waterrating.gov.au/consumers/water-efficiency Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.