Urban Poor essays

Urban Poor essays Urban Social Movements In Latin America: Latin America is made up of diverse countries, peoples and cultures. It is a continent rich in resources; however, it has many problems facing its people, such as; debt, urbanization, environmental issues, multinationals and continuing wars and unrest. Many people in Latin America withstand sever hardship because of these issues and how their governments lack the ability to respond. This essay will examine 1 key issue facing Latin America urbanization. This issue will be analyzed on more micro level through local social movements and how particular communities have come together to meet their needs and face an often-imposing government. This essay will concentrate on the time during the 1980s, however, will have to add some historical context leading up to this period. The last half of the 20-century saw many rural third world nations become rapidly urbanized. Latin America was one of these continents to transform. Most of this is due to migration after the Second World War where migrants from rural areas were forced to leave to find work in order to survive. Many countries in this area couldnt cope with this urban growth, which led to people living in conditions well below the poverty line. Families migrating to the city centers quickly erected independent houses through squatting or claiming land through land invasions on land surrounding the city that was either owned by the government or privately. Food, shelter and community services were the main issues that these people dealt with everyday often with little or no help from their government. Urbanization is caused by many factors, studies have been done in modernization theories, dependency theories and urban bias all to analyze how and why urbanization exists. This essay doesnt explore how urbanization has come about but more how different communities have coped and organized social movements to change th...

The History of Mobile Homes

The History of Mobile Homes A  mobile home is a  prefabricated  structure built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to a  site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent  homes or for holiday and temporary accommodation, they are usually left permanently or semi-permanently in one place. However, they can be moved since property may be required to relocate from time to time for legal reasons. Mobile  homes  share the same historic origins as  travel trailers. Today the two are very different in size and furnishings, with travel trailers being used primarily as temporary or vacation homes. Behind the cosmetic work fitted at installation to hide the base, there are strong trailer frames, axles, wheels, and tow-hitches. The Earliest Moveable Homes The first examples of mobile homes can be traced back to the roaming bands of gypsies  who traveled with their horse-drawn mobile homes as far back as the 1500s. In America, the first mobile homes were built in the 1870s. These were movable beach-front properties  built in the Outer Banks region of North Carolina. The homes were moved by teams of horses. Mobile homes as we know them today came about in 1926 with automobile-pulled trailers or Trailer Coaches. These were designed as a home away from home during camping trips. The trailers later evolved into mobile homes that were brought into demand after World War II ended. Veterans came home needing housing and found dwellings to be in short supply. Mobile homes provided cheap and quickly built housing for the veterans and their families (the beginning of the baby boom) and being mobile allowed the families to travel where the jobs were. Mobile Homes Get Bigger In 1943, trailers averaged a width of eight  feet and were more than 20 feet in length. They had up to three to four separate sleeping sections, but no bathrooms. But by 1948, lengths had gone up to 30 feet and bathrooms were introduced. Mobile homes continued to grow in length and widths such as doublewide. In June of 1976, the United States Congress passed the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act (42 U.S.C.), which assured that all homes were built to tough national standards. From Mobile Home to Manufactured Housing In 1980, congress approved changing the term mobile home to manufactured home. Manufactured homes are built in a factory and must conform to a federal building code. A  tornado might cause minor damage to a site-built home, but it could do significant damage to a factory-built home, especially an older model or one that is not properly secured. Seventy mile-per-hour winds can destroy a mobile home in a matter of minutes. Many brands offer optional hurricane straps, which can be used to tie the home to anchors embedded in the ground. Mobile Home Parks Mobile homes are often situated in land-lease communities known as  trailer parks. These communities allow homeowners to rent space on which to place a home. In addition to providing space, the site often provides basic utilities such as water, sewer, electricity, natural gas and other amenities such as mowing, garbage removal, community rooms, pools, and playgrounds. There are thousands of trailer parks in the United States. Although most parks appeal to meeting basic housing needs, some communities specialize towards certain segments of the market such as senior citizens.

Reading Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Blog - Assignment Example David Orique highlights the achievements made by Bartolomà © de las Casas one of them being his successful penetration into tierra de Guerra, an area that had remained unconquered due to the hostility of the locals. The author also indicates that this area stood as a model of Casas’ evangelization ideas in practice. However, there is need for clarification on whether the region remained as Casas had developed or it finally fell into the influence of other conquerors with different ideas on the relationship between the Amerindians and Spaniards. This is because most of Casas’ ideas were novel, but others including merchants who only saw the economic importance of the region without concern for the native population rights always challenged their implementation. In Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomà © de Las Casas and Destruction of the Indies the brutality of Spanish conquerors is highlighted through Casas’ story about treatment of the native population who were massacred in large numbers. The killing and degrading of native people is compared to the treatment of beasts. Even as Casas is interested in documenting the atrocities committed by Spanish conquerors, he seems to be overcome by his subjective stance about the events leading to his exaggerations of the situation. For instance, Casas estimates the native people to be about three million with the attack only leaving about two hundred persons behind. Even though the massacre of majority of population is possible especially based on the described brutality of the Spanish conquerors, there is need for further information to identify the method of estimation of the population and the number of death (Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomà © de Las Casas, Casas 1-17). In Gilgamesh the author presents the exploits of Gilgamesh, a king in the city-state of Uruk and his friend Enkidu who highlight the power of friendship as the two are

Optimizing the Water Injection System in the Offshore Drilling Wells Research Proposal

Optimizing the Water Injection System in the Offshore Drilling Wells - Research Proposal Example As noted by Krupnick et al surface as well as subsurface situations and conditions of the discovery made have significant effect on the extraction work, related expenses and determine the success or failure of the whole project. Technical success maybe achieved but the project may fail economically. First hand experience has shown that the most technical success is easy to achieve, but economic success is much difficulty. According to Spellman, and Whiting the process of analyzing the best way to optimize extraction of recoverable reserves starts by formulation of a development plan (266). This development plan takes into consideration all existing geologic as well as engineering data and information to come up with initial ways of optimizing water injection systems Research aims The following research will have two aims: 1. What are the contaminants in sea water? 2. What are the main methods used in optimizing water for injection in the offshore wells? Research design methodology (d ata collection methods and analysis of data) Research Design This research will be carried out using secondary research also qualitative research. The methods used to get information will be collection, analysis and evaluation of past studies rather than primary research, as noted by Mason secondary research can obtain its data from internal or external sources (26). The current online libraries provide a source where extensive research can be carried out on this topic and latest information obtained. Methodology The research will be conducted using secondary sources, whereby it will be based on past studies that were done on the same topic in order to answer the formulated research question. The topic under discussion requires extensive resources for a researcher to carry out a primary research, this is because it would involve visiting a number of offshore wells, carrying out interviews and formulating questionnaires. Though there are some limitations towards this methods, like th e researcher has to depend on views of other researchers, its main benefits is that it avails a big database of information to the research, and he can select relevant and substantial material to use in the research (Robson 78). For the sake of keeping the data to managerial size, it was thought that the research should concentrate basically on the methods used to optimize water injection in the offshore wells. Methods of Data Collection Since our study will be based on secondary research, data collection will entail getting information results from the previously done studies and analyzing the information. Though the results from the previous studies may be not 100% accurate meaning that this will affect our final outcome, still, this will be reliable data. It should be noted that methods of optimizing injection of water in offshore wells requires extensive resources and technology used do not change quickly. Data Collection procedures and Data Analysis To evaluate and review the d ata collected from the study seeking to answer the research question, the study will use known database application like Microsoft Excel to compile table and other data to compilation. This data will be used to statistically determine if the studies relevance of data collected fr

Chattel Slavery Essay Example for Free

Chattel Slavery Essay Indentureship was supposed to differ from slavery, however, the servants were treated as harshly as the slaves Chattel- African slaves were treated as commodities System of slavery whereby an individual and their offspring are recognised by the law as being the property of another person for life. This system was established by Europeans and formed the basis of transatlantic slavery With due respect to the Is good intentions, from all that I have read and studied it would be a mockery to compare Indian indentureship to African chattel slavery in the Caribbean. Firstly, Indians were allowed to retain: their family (Africans had theirs split up); their language (Africans had the use of theirs forbidden); their religion (Africans had theirs banned); their music (Africans had the drum representing the voice of their gods banned by laws, some of which remain on the statute book in Barbados to this day). This highlights the all-important difference between indentureship and slavery: The heart of slavery was not the horrible labour conditions. If that were so, slavery and indentureship might be comparable. The heart of slavery was the stealing of the Africans soul his language (the eyes through which one sees the world), his gods, his family, his musical sounds. That is why some 169 years after Emancipation, many Africans in the Caribbean remain enslaved. Some say enslaved mentally (in distinction to physical slavery), but this is misleading. SLAVERY IS MENTAL. Captivity is physical. Why the Africans have taken longer to restore their race as opposed to Indians, Jews and other ethnic groups that suffered at the hands of White Supremacy is because no other people were ever subjected to what the Africans suffered. If you capture a people and reduce them to harsh, brutal conditions of exploitation, once they survive, when that is brought to an end the people will soon rehabilitate themselves. But when you take away a peoples tongue, their connection to the ancestors, their gods; when you smash their family life so that the male loses respect for the female and vice versa; when you teach them to hate their skin, their lips, their hair, so that they hate anyone that looks like them then you will have destroyed the culture and soul of that people and recovery will be almost like a resurrection. That is why it has taken Rastafari, Vodun, Orisha and the other spiritual potencies to awaken and heal the descendants of the African slaves. Secondly, millions of Africans died on the dreadful crossing from Africa. How many Indians perished on their way here? The Trans-Atlantic trade in captive Africans and African chattel slavery lasted roughly from 1473 to the 1880s some four centuries. Indian indentureship lasted from the 1840s until when the end of the 19th century? Thirdly, the trade in African captives depleted the African homeland tremendously. Consequently, up to this day, in contrast to the huge populations of India and China, the African continent is badly underpopulated. In fact, it has been estimated that even if all the Black people returned tomorrow to Africa, it still would not be fully populated. Walter Rodney in   provides some Statistics to give an idea of the devastating effect that the trade in Africans had on Africa for four centuries. Whole towns and villages were wiped out. Ethnic groups disappeared. Others were driven to war on their neighbours or face the prospect of having their own group captured and shipped to the New World. The natural line and trajectory of material and spiritual development for millennia in Africas history up to the time of the Trans-Atlantic Trade in captive African was interrupted, disrupted and corrupted. While it is true that India suffered horribly as a result of the British penetration of India during the period of indentureship, history attests that neither the scale nor the time period of this penetration can match the reality of the impact of the Slave Trade and Slavery on Africans and their Motherland. But while the enslaved Africans unlike the indentured Indians had their ancestral cloak ripped from them, the White man could not take the living nucleus of their culture and its memory from them. So (as they say whoever loses his life shall gain it) they took this breath of their culture and created the living soul of Africa in the Caribbean they recreated their musical forms, they reconceived their ancient gods through new prisms (likje Judedo-Christianity, for example in Haitian Vodun and Rastafari), they revived their sense of an organic connection to the earth, they rediscovered the taste of their traditional cuisine, and so on. And that is why we find that almost all that is distinctive about indigenous Caribbean culture owes its inspiration, its image and likeness, to Africa. It is also probably why there is no enduring large-scale mass Back to India or Back to China movements coming out of the Caribbean. In a sense, Mother India and Mother China were not taken away from their indentured children in the Caribbean since they continued to wear their traditional dress, listen to their traditional music, speak their traditional language and worship ther traditional gods. When the true history of the last 5 centuries of the recently past millennium is finally placed in proper perspective, the incomparable tragedy of the African people during the era of the slave trade and slavery will come fully to light. It is without precedent in human history. I close by suggesting that the Indian people who are essentially of African origin as Rashidi has documented have a secure place in Rastafari, and as the Mansinghs have shown in their research, they have made a valuable contribution to the development of the Rastafari way of life. Indentured servants were working on contract to repay a debt, usually for transportation to America. Chattel means personal property, so chattel slaves were legally considered property, the same as a mule or a goat. An indentured servant worked for his/her master without pay until the debt was paid off. Typically, for repayment of the cost of being taken from England to America, the time of service was seven years, although it ranged from four to ten. At the end of that time, the indentured servant was free to leave and find other, gainful employment. There were cases of abuse by masters in which additional time was added by charging the servant for things like rent, food, lost or broken tools or products, etc. , because indentured servants were usually not well-educated and could be taken advantage of. The only ways a chattel slave could be released from a lifetime of unpaid service were manumission (being legally given freedom by his/her owner) or purchase, either by himself/herself rare, but possible or by a third party, such as societies of abolitionists who purchased slaves freedom for them. The best-known of these groups bought land in west Africa and founded there the nation of Liberia, for the purpose of resettling freed American slaves. Interesting sidelight: the term indentured is related to words like dentist and dental. An indentured servant had a written contract with his master. At the time the contract was signed, it was torn in two. The master kept one half and the servant kept one half. To ensure that these halves were part of the original document, the tear-lines were deliberately made irregular and jagged so that no other piece of paper would match. The jagged tearing was indented it looked like teeth

Organizational Structure Article Review Essay -- essays research paper

Review The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the article, â€Å"The manager’s role in building an innovative organization†. I will give a brief description of the organizing function of management. I will also relate the concepts to Aearo Company, while including my recommendations based on the article. Summary The article discusses how organizations must change to survive in a competitive market. Companies must change how they gather information, implement the information, and support the employees that acquire the information. Gathering Information Management should use their employee’s ideas as a resource, not only because it is less expensive than outside information, but also it supports employee involvement. Using teams that include people from different divisions can increase communication and perception when pursuing a goal. Implement Information An organization that can make decisions faster, and change direction at the â€Å"drop of a hat†, is more versatile and will most likely survive longer. â€Å"Old time† decisions that were made by top management or a board of directors, could take a while to trickle down the ranks and actually be implemented in the process. Teams that are given the authority to make quick decisions can get things done faster, and are more responsive to the customer. Support the Employees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &n...

All Firms Should Produce at MR=MC Essay

In economics, the point of profit maximizing and loss minimizing is called MR=MC. This point is where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, meaning that cost does not exceed revenue and revenue does not exceed cost. This is a profit-maximizing zone, meaning that total cost is not the lowest, but is farthest away from the total returns. The optimal point of production for the firm is at the point MR=MC. Marginal revenue is defined as the change in total revenue as a result of producing an additional unit, while marginal cost is the increase or decrease of a firm’s total cost of production as a result of the change in production by one additional unit. When these two are equal, the firm is not losing money, and is making the most profit possible. In the area of the graph where less quantity is being sold, the firm still obtains a profit but it is not maximized, and in the area of the graph where more quantity is being sold, profit is less and money can be lost from the firm. To the left of MR=MC, cost is low to the firm and revenue is high. As the graph progresses toward the point of MR=MC, each unit provides less and less profit. As the first unit is produced, the profit is high for that unit, but the profit for each extra unit produced declines toward the point of profit maximization. This may sound absurd, and may make the reader wonder why the firm does not produce at the first unit. However, as each unit is produced, the firm gets to keep the profit from every unit produced previously. This would add up to far more profit than if the firm produced when cost is lowest and revenue is greatest. The point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost is the point where all of the profits from the previous units are combined. At this point, total cost is not at its lowest, and total revenue is not the greatest, but are farthest away from each other, which is represented in the graphs attached. It is true that in the less quantity level of the graph revenue exceeds cost, however, the profit at MR=MC is far more than any of the units produced. To the right of MR=MC, total costs exceed total revenue. The firm would spend more money on workers, resources, and the production of goods, and not get a  great profit back. Once the quantity of goods produced passes the point where MR=MC, the firm not only does not make a great profit, but after a while, it loses the money that the company has already, and soon the company would go into debt. The point of profit maximization and loss minimization is the ideal point of production because if the firm was to produce more, all previous profit would be lost and the firm could possibly close down. As shown in the graphs attached, the profit depletes until the point where money is being taken from the firm just to produce more. When the firm cuts down its production and gets to the point of MR=MC again, the profit will once again be maximized. To conclude, the point of loss minimization and profit maximization is where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. This way, all profit from previous units sold is combined for a large profit and all costs do not exceed the total revenue. The firm should always produce at the point where MR=MC. If they move to the left or right of this point, total profit would drop. As the change in total revenue changes, so does the cost of production. The optimal point of production is when both of these are equal to each other. The graphs attached show how profit is still being made on other points of the curve, but MR=MC is the greatest. If a firm wants to increase revenue and profit, the best bet is to produce where marginal return is equal to marginal cost.

Nationalism Essay †Nationalism Forms & Theories â€

Define Nationalism – Nationalism Forms and Theories – our site1. IntroductionWhat is Nationalism and how do you define NationalismThis essay will discuss definitions and forms of nationalism in an attempt to define nationalism phenomenon. The first section will focus on presenting contemporary and historical definitions. Secondly, a brief account of the emergence of nationalism and debates over its origins will be presented. The subsequent section will detail practical and theoretical forms of nationalism and argue for the fact that distinct definitions derive from different theories and forms of nationalism. Define Nationalism To provide a deeper analysis, forms of nationalism and their definitions will be connected with theories of nationalism. Based on these sections, this essay will argue that due to various ramifications of the concept of nationalism, this notion exists in various forms accompanied by a variety of definitions, each serving similar and distinct purposes. Finally, concluding remarks will be drawn based on the evidence presented throughout this essay.2. Define NationalismTo initiate an analysis of definitions and forms of nationalism, this essay will focus on four main definitions (Smith, 2016; Anderson, 2006, Gellner, 1969 and Khon, 1965). When referring to â€Å"nation† and â€Å"nationality† Smith (2013: 7) defines nationalism based on three generic goals which have emerged from the academic study of this ideology, namely national unity, national autonomy and national identity. In this framework, nationalism is defined as ‘an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy of unity and identity for a population which some of its members deem to constitute an actual or potential â€Å"nation†.’ However, for Anderson (2006: 211), nations are merely â€Å"imagined communities† as members of these communities will rarely know each other, and thus they will draw upon the concept of nationality from their own imagined population to which they belong to. This idea emerged from earlier concepts elaborated by Gellner (1969) who argued that nationalism is nothing more than the process of imagining nations. A similar definition that focuses on the idea that nationalism is internally felt by the individual was developed by Khon (1965: 9) arguing that: â€Å"Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state†. Similar to Smith (2013), Coakley (2012) argues that many of the current definitions on nationalism overlap with each other and also with definitions of other notions, such as the concept of state. The state has been defined as a compulsory political organisation operating on a continuous basis (Weber, 1968) while a nation has been defied as a human population sharing a common territory and culture (Smith, 1991). Each of these terms can be encountered in definitions of nationalism which, according to Coakley (2012)see this concept as a form of political mobilisation or an ideology that justifies this mobilisation and diminishes the barriers between nation and state. As it can be observed from the above, in some areas these explanations converge while in other areas these notions seem to be divergent. Smith (2013) looks at nationalism as being a concept that describes self-governing capacity while Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) see this notion as the process of imagining communities. Similar to Smith (2013), Khon (1965) sees nationalism as connected with the notion of state. It can therefore be argued that nationalism is understood differently by these theoreticians. Finally, it can be observed that notions of self-determination and nationalism seen as an imagined form of identity expression have been maintained from the 19th century (Khon, 1965; Gellner, 1969) to the 21st (Smith, 2013). Thus, the following sections will attempt to uncover the reasons behind these differences.Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today3. Nationalism Forms and TheoriesTo better understand why a unified definition of nationalism is not established, it is important to look at the epicentre from which nationalism arises. Consequently, a historical analysis of the concept and its subsequent forms, corroborated by theories of nationalism, will be attempted in order to understand this notion. The following section will thus discuss these themes.3.1. The Emergence of NationalismAlthough the word nationalism o nly emerged in political language after 1840, its importance grew significantly in the 19th century with revolutions across Europe (Hirschi, 2011). In this period, the most significant event involving nationalism occurred in 1914, when a fear of Slav nationalism led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the First World War (Breuilly, 2013). After the war, the Versailles Treaty made reference to notions of â€Å"nation states†, which became the primary concept used by US President Woodrow Wilson when instituting the doctrine of national self-determination (Breuilly, 2013). This action subsequently gave rise to substantial claims of nationalism around the world (Hirschi, 2011). Dahbour (2003) contradicts this, arguing that national self-determination was a response to the colonisation of states which eventually demanded national liberation. Furthermore, self-determination not only gives rise to nationalism but also to ethical and legal citizenship and with it, the ability of a nation to self-govern. As a result, Dahbour (2003) argues that nationalism is a specific claim made for self-determination. Both ideas elaborated by Dahbour (2003) and Breuilly, (2013) are noticeable in the definitions provided by Smith (2013) and Khon (1965). It can therefore be argued that the notion of self-governance and self-determination are connected with the emergence of nationalism and subsequently to its definition. Another opposing view comes from Andersen (2006) who emphasises language, specifically the shared language of a nation. According to this author, nationalism could not have spread and matured without people being able to read about this notion and debate this notion in writing (Andersen 2006). As a result, a cultural element – language- aided in the spread and maturation of nationalism (Andersen, 2006). Nevertheless, this argument does not concern itself with the emergence of nationalism but rather examines its consolidation. However, it emphasises the importance of culture in the definition of nationalism which spirals from a collective mind. This can thus support ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities as shared language is an acquired cognitive function and thus it is a part of the collective mind.Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay or to get full references Contact Us Today3.2. Forms of NationalismNationalism can be mani fested as a state ideology or as a non-state popular movement. These manifestations give rise to five forms of nationalism (ethnic, religious, civic, cultural or ideological) which are used to classify sub-types of nationalism (Chatturvedi, 2005). There are over 10 sub-types of nationalism (Snyder, 2009), some of which seek unity and self-governance for people of certain ethic groups while others seek expansion and economic growth for nations against the global community (Chatturvedi, 2005). Other forms of nationalism have been criticised for hiding racism (i.e. al-right nationalism favouring white supremacy) (Snyder, 2009) while other forms of nationalism seek to bring social unity and equality regardless of ethnicity (i.e. left-wing nationalism) (Maxwell and Maxwell, 2014).Ethnic NationalismFor ethnic nationalism and derivate sub-types, nationalism functions on the principle that a nation can only be defined by its ethnic connection which encompasses shared language, culture, heri tage and ancestry. Because of this characteristic, Roshwald (2001) describes this form of nationalism as intolerant and descriptive of authoritarian regimes. Studies (Gil-White, 2006; Sulaiman, 2016) looking into this concept have concluded that similar to nationalism in general, ethnic nationalism is composed of a series of terms that have distinctive definitions, including ethnicity, nation and state. When looking at manifestations of ethic nationalism in the world, research (Sulaiman, 2016) seems to describe similar lines with theory (Roshwald, 2001). This demonstrates thatethnic nationalism leads to conflict, especially in ethnic diverse locations (i.e. Niger Delta) (Sulaiman, 2016).Religious NationalismReligious nationalism denotes a form of nationalism which relies upon a central religion or dogma that has implications in politics and state affairs (Omer and Springs, 2013). This notion contrasts strongly with modern forms of nationalism and has been described as an irration al form of nationalism (Omer and Springs, 2013: 80). Several real world examples include non-secular states, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the religious law (Sharia Law or the Islamic Law) is the ultimate law of the state (Kavalski, 2016). As ethnic nationalism, religious nationalism shows little to no tolerance for other religious beliefs (Kavalski, 2016), however it does not focus on ethnic unity, but rather on religious unity by repelling any opposing views.Civic NationalismAt the other end of the spectrum, civic nationalism (also referred to as progressive nationalism) advocates for social unity, individual rights and freedoms. This form of nationalism is centred on the idea of a non-xenophobic society, which shows tolerance for all its individuals and strives to provide equality and social justice (Hall, 1998). A practical example of this can be found in Singapore, where the government’s strategy for development derived directly form civic nationalism and globalisation (Brown, 2000). Empirical evidence (Kwan, 2016; Modongal, 2016) shows that while civic nationalism is the driving force of globalisation, it also leads to a dilution of intrinsic values in highly traditional societies (i.e. China). However, civic nationalism, as nationalism, has different forms of interpretation. Focusing on a definition provided by Habermas (1996), Shen (2007: 17) argues that civic nationalism is â€Å"a voluntary selection of allegiance based on values†. If contrasting the two definitions, it can be observed that civic nationalism is defined from a societal-national perspective (Hall, 1998) but also from a global, international perspective (Shen, 2007). Here, nations would accept cooperation with other nations to whom they share similar values. In practice, this rarely occurs (i.e. China and US economic trade), and countries with distinctive cultures will end up in cooperation for economic development; hence the potential for culture dilution (Modongal, 2016). Thus, civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism have a converging point, namely the element of shared culture. The cultural form of nationalism thus defines a middle ground between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism (Fedorenko, 2012; Song, 2009). Hutchinson (1987) argues with historical examples from Arab, Jewish and Hindu nations that cultural nationalism plays a significant part in the building of nations, as it is a shared belief, value and tradition alongside with ethnic heritage which can lead to the consolidation of states.Ideological NationalismFinally, ideological nationalism is a form of political nationalism which argues for the capacity of nations to self-govern (Smith, 2013). This notion can also be seen Dahbour’s (2003) idea of self-determination as well as in the definition of nationalism provided by Smith (2013). Looking at the history of nationalism two main conclusions can be drawn. The first refers to the fact that nationalism is highly connected with t he concept of national identity and claims made for self-governance. Thus it may be argued that early forms of nationalism were ideological in nature and focused on notions of territory, population and self-government. This seems to justify Coakley’s (2012) ideas, according to which definitions of nationalism overlap definitions of state, nations and ethnicity. Secondly, because nationalism comes in various forms and subsequent types, a unified definition of nationalism is most likely unachievable. As a result, different forms of nationalism will automatically lead to the conclusion that each form defines a different concept, which although similar in some respects, will also be very distinctive in others. Because the progression of nationalism gave rise to different definitions and forms of nationalism, to better understand their nature, theories on nationalism need to be approached in a structured way (REFERENCE). The next section will therefore look at different theories of nationalism and attempt to set different forms and definitions of nationalism within these theoretical boundaries.3.3. Four Theories of NationalismAccording to Llobera (1999) four main theories dominate the notion of nationalism. These are primordial and socio-biological theories, instrumentalist theories, modernisation theories and evolutionary theories. Primordialists such as Herder and Fichte and more recently Smith and Connor, see nationalism as something which was always present in people but had been reawakened under political self-consciousness (Brown, 2003). Geertz (1973) argues for the concept of given identity, as an individual who is born within a group will receive its identity. Consequently, ethnic boundaries are established which are represented by the individual’s shared experience with family members and the group (Tishkov, 1997). Socio-biologists claims derived from this theory argue that heritage and implicitly ethnicity is passed on genetically (Llobera, 1999). These theories frame the notions of ethnic nationalism and cultural nationalism. Ozkirimli (2017) argues that these two forms of nationalism have their roots in primordial theory. Hutchinson and Smith (1994) have analysed primordialism in depth and argue that human social interaction will take place based on three elements: kin selection, reciprocity and coercion. From this notion, the authors hypothesise that ethnic groups are in fact super-families. Therefore, members of these super-families will be biologically inclined towards cooperation and reciprocity with their own kin while also resorting to some forms of coercion (Hutchinson and Smith, 1994). Conclusively, it can be argued that notions of belonging and indirectly excluding others, encountered in definitions of nationalism derive from these theories. Instrumentalist theories diverge from primordial theories by arguing that ethnic groups can be seen as nations and their boundaries are not fixed, but in fact these can vary according to specific needs (i.e. economic development) (Llobera, 1999). A representative figure in this domain is Barth (1969) who supported this theory by arguing that ethnicity is not a reference to biological or cultural heritage but more a form of social organisation. In Barth’s (1969) assertion, boundaries serve a specific purpose, either biological, ecological, economic, political and/or historical. Transposed, this idea can be encountered in the notion of religious nationalism (Sandler, 2004) where Islamic cultures maintain boundaries for political interest but individuals become a part of their nation when converting to Islam. Modernisation theories strongly oppose primordialism by arguing that nationalism emerged as the result of modern processes, such as industrialisation, favourable political, cultural and socio-economic conditions (Llobera, 1999). Hence, theoreticians who support this claim such as Kohn, Kedourie and Gellne, see nationalism as a modern invention (Hall, 1998). According to Hall (1998) this idea can be seen in notions of civic nationalism and ideological nationalism. Although these three theories show substantial contrasts, the fourth theory of nationalism, namely the Evolutionary theory attempts to bring together the notion of modern and primordial (to some extent). As a result, evolutionary theories argue that indeed, nationalism is a product of modern times; however in Europe, this concept evolved from the ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities corroborated by a form of patriotic nationalism which was present since the medieval period (Llobera, 1999). However, as Smith (1981) observed, in order to pinpoint the emergence of nationalism, an analysis of the transference from medieval to modern needs to be conducted. In order to accomplish this, all societal elements must be considered, including economic, social, political and ideological (Smith, 1981). By assessing the aforementioned theories of nationalism, several elements can be noted. Firstly, the evolutionary theories focus on the emergence of nationalism in Europe, which thus implies that this theory cannot be applied for explaining how nationalism emerged elsewhere (i.e. Hutchinson (1987) on the emergence of nationalism in Hindu nations). However, evolutionary theories can be used to explain the formation of definitions that rely on state and nation. Secondly, primordial, instrumentalist and modern theories of nationalism can be used as frameworks to explain the differences between forms of nationalism and subsequently between definitions of this phenomenon. Another observation that can be made in this case is that nationalism cannot be understood as functioning from a pure ideological, ethnic, dogmatic or religious form.Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay, let us know and we will write your essay Contact Us TodayAs it was discussed, its emergence and consolidation was favoured by specific politic, economic, social and cultural circumstances, while at the same time its development was favoured by the same notions (Smith, 1981). An exemplification of this can be seen in civic nationalism which serves the purpose of developing social inclusion and globalisation (Brown, 2000) while religious nation alism can be seen as a political instrument(Omer and Springs, 2013). Considering the multiple ramifications of this phenomenon, the existence of various forms and definitions of nationalism becomes explainable.4. ConclusionThis essay discussed various definitions and forms of nationalism and argued that a unified definition of nationalism is not likely achievable due to the existence of various forms of this notion. In the first section of this essay, by focusing on four definitions of nationalism issued by Smith (2013), Anderson (2006), Gellner (1969) and Khon (1965) it was observed that these theoreticians have different perceptions over the notion of nationalism. As a result, the emergence of nationalism and its forms was assessed in an attempt to explain these differences. By analysing the emergence of nationalism and its various forms it was noted that each form of nationalism derived its own definition. Furthermore, it was observed that definitions of nationalism are connected with its emergence. Hence the existence of various forms of nationalism cannot be used alone to explain its distinctive definition. To do so, understanding where and how this phenomenon emerged is also important. To provide a structured framework for the various forms and definitions of nationalism, theories of this concept were combined with the identified forms of nationalism and linked with the studied definitions of nationalism. Here, it was observed that definitions of the broad concepts of nationalism fit within the elaborated theories while forms of nationalism also fall within this framework. By assessing current notions of nationalism it can be concluded that the exact emergence of nationalism cannot be pin-pointed however primordial theories (Geertz, 1973) argue that this concept may have innate characteristics, thus it was always present in humans. Secondly, by observing the various forms of nationalism it can be concluded that this concept may have begun as a simple ideology from medieval times however it evolved to serve various purposes resulting in the variety of definitions and forms. Thus, a single definition of nationalism is unlikely to be developed (Hall, 1998).Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this or get full references Contact Us TodayNeed help with Best AP Books Selection Take a look at http://www.StudyAPExam.com Summary Article Name Define Nationalism Essay – our site – 3000 Words Description From the definition of nationalism to emergence of nationalism, practical & theoretical forms & conclusion, everything is covered in this 3500 word Nationalism Essay. 1000s of happy students! Author Silvia – our site Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo

Bibliography On Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Essays

Bibliography On Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Essays Bibliography On Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Essay Bibliography On Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Essay Dickson, M. L. , A ; Stapleton, J. ( n.d. ) . How Henson Trusts can back up people who receive ODSP Benifits. What you can make to heighten the quality of life for a household member with a disablement? : Consider Henson Trust, 4-6. A A In this brochure, which can be found online at www.reena.org contains material sing Henson Trusts. Henson Trusts are to guarantee persons with a disablement having household benefits are non cut off from benefits if they are acquiring money from a trust set up to help them. This is merely so long as the trust gives whole control to the legal guardians about when to do payments from the trust. The Ontario Court says that the assets in a trust set up to back up that individual should non be considered as that individual s assets. This is because person else made finding of facts about how to pass the money in the trust. In July of 2005, the Social Benefits Tribunal established that a individual having ODSP could be supported by money in a Henson Trust. The Tribunal found that the individual having ODSP could non coerce the legal guardians to give the person the money from the trust. You can put up a Henson Trust while you are still alive, or you can set a Henson Trust in your will, to be set up after you die. The present jurisprudence says ODSP can non number the money in a Henson Trust when they do an plus trial to make up ones mind if your relation is eligible for ODSP. If the trust offers it, the legal guardian can pass both the capital and the income in a Henson Trust. When you are be aftering for an person s hereafter and have their relations involved, it is really of import to guarantee that the money you wish to go forth to your loved 1 does non impact their ODSP entitlement. Ontario, I. F. ( 2006 ) . Our Vision for a Direct Individualized Funding Approach in Ontario. Retrieved February 3, 2011, from Modeling Community Change: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.modelingcommunitychange.com/PDF/Our % 20Vision.pdf This papers encompasses information about individualised support. Individualized support delivers the resources necessary for a individual to run into their single aims by sketching what supports will be attained with support entitled to them, and by directing those supports. Individualized support is based on the values of residence, inclusion, autonomy, community, and demands for a whole life. Individualized support besides looks at the whole individual. Additionally, the thought of individualised support is founded on the criterion that the individual is the determination shaper, and the individual s voice is being honoured in the procedure. It is besides important that rank and part in community is a given, and the community is the first resource. A really important principal is besides that the dreams of the individual and the assets of the individual, household, and support web direct the procedure. Furthermore, the planning and facilitation is a degage public-service corporati on in the system, and connexion edifice and webs of people are cardinal. Support must be movable which means that it can be moved within to a different bureau, to another portion of the state, and out of state, whatever is needed. Individualized support means that the individual chooses what the money is needed for with the counsel of individual directed program and the system is non taking for them. Pass: A plan to assist you go a portion of your community. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved February 12, 2011, from Ministry of Community and Social Services: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mcss.gov.on.ca/documents/en/mcss/publications/developmental/passport_individual/DS-Passport_individualsENG.pdf This usher is for an person with a developmental disablement to get cognition about their right of entry to their community utilizing the Passport enterprise. If an person is still in school, Passport can give them a wise man. Once the single leaves school, Passport will assist individuals do a program, and assists them to take part in their community. Once an person has left school, they may run into the demands to have money, which will pay for support, include the persons in community activities. Passport will besides back up persons in happening a occupation, set abouting voluntary work, larning accomplishments to work, and volunteering in the community. With passport persons have the chance to larn more by taking a class ; larning how to utilize the library, and happen out what can they make at their local community Centre. An person will necessitate to finish the Passport application signifier if it is their first clip using for Passport support, or if there has been an huge al teration in their necessities including support webs, or services. The person will have a missive that states if they have been accepted for Passport support. If they have been approved for Passport, the single and/or their household will subscribe a contract with an bureau. If they have non been approved for Passport the missive will state they what to make next. It is possible that the persons name will travel on a waiting list and that they will acquire Passport support subsequently. If they have been approved for Passport support and make up ones mind to travel to another place or topographic point in Ontario, their Passport support will follow them to their new community. The passport enterprise should be a portion of all individual centered planning as it the key to the community. A valued function in the community is something that everyone deserves. Swanton, S. , Walsh, S. , OMurchu, R. , A ; OFlynn, P. ( 2010 ) . A tool to find support demands for community life. Learning Disability Practice, 13 ( 8 ) , 24-26. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This journal article covers material about the Supports Intensity Scale. The information explains its background every bit good as a undertaking designed to measure its usage in be aftering support for people with rational disablements and disputing behavior. The Supports Intensity Scale ( SIS ) was designed in item for people with an rational disablement. The SIS measures the degree of support necessary for an person with an rational disablement to to the full partake in community life. Tonss are used to make up ones mind the supports need evaluations ; an overall supports needs index and a graph, which depicts a profile of the person. The graph contains information about supports demands like sexual behavior and aggression. Additionally the index will besides incorporate fits, emotional effusions, rolling, substance abuse, etc. Care of mental wellness interventions is included every bit good. Each index is scored as 0 = non any support needed, 1 = a figure of support needed, 2 = ex tended support needed. When set abouting Person-centred support planning, the graduated table provides aid to contend the assorted supports needed for mundane life. The SIS can besides indicate out what may be suppressing specific life ends from being accomplished. These indexs would include such things as the demand for support with accomplishments enlargement, or any unmet medical or mental wellness demands. In some happenings, a individual may necessitate support recurrently but for a short interval each clip, or significant support merely one time a hebdomad. SIS is used to measure the forms and strength of an person s supports need, and the type and strength of support indispensable for realisation of the end. To utilize the graduated table as a footing for be aftering meaningful supports requires much auxiliary penetration and resourcefulness to interrupt the spread between acknowledging an person s supports demands and doing a echt difference to their life. The SIS has the po tency, if used insightfully, to document the supports required to do a good life a world for the people we serve. When puting out an person s program the SIS is, an indispensable tool to accomplish the ends set out by the program. Goforth, J. L. ( 2007, February ) . Planing Your Future: A Guide to Creating and Leading Your Personal Support Team. Retrieved February 15, 2011, from San DiegoState University: interwork.sdsu.edu/ /PlanningYourFuture- Aguidetocreatingyoursupportteam.doc United States This resource usher is about the Circle of Support for persons with developmental disablements. Peoples that should be included on this intricate squad are those from the workplace, school, place, and leisure countries an persons life. Support squad participants may include members of household, friends, neighbors, instructors, colleagues, advocators, roomies, instance directors and/or service coordinators. An person s squad can back up them with job resolution, end scene and planning for the hereafter. Additionally, the Circle of Support will help with larning new things, attainment information about an person s community, offering support to be successful in the workplace, at school, and life in the community of pick. A image of an person s life would consist of how the single desires their life to be in the hereafter. This includes, looking at where the individual lives now, and where they want to populate. Some be aftering thoughts might include more money, preparation, or percha nce acquiring an helper. This is merely one facet of a really thought out and elaborate program to be created by the person with aid of the circle of support. An person s squad members can besides portion their vision or dreams for the individual s hereafter. What are any concerns or concerns that the individual or their squad have about the persons future, or making the ends have been set. Using this information provided it becomes apparent that the circle of support is a cardinal facet in an person s individual centered planning. Galloway, C. ( 1979 ) . Conversion to a Policy of Community Presence and Participation. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from The Minnesota Governor s Council on Developmental Disabilities: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mnddc.org/parallels2/pdf/70s/79/79-CTP-CHG.pdf This article contains information on community presence. The scheme that allows individuals with developmental disablements to fall in humanity and remainders on two cardinal outlooks holding to make with the nature of the individual and the nature of the individual s topographic point in society. These hundred premises, -neither more of import than the other, produce certain bewitching inquiries: like if individuals portion engagement in the same human and national association, how can those things valued by most are deprived to some? The laterality of the scheme of community presence and engagement proposes that a alteration in basic idea, in our cardinal building of beliefs and values, takes topographic point. A displacement practicably linked with changes in our system of jurisprudence and our credence of the nature of human public presentation is indispensable every bit good. Community presence is the key to individual centered planning and helping the person to take the stigma of holding a developmental disablement. Office of Disibility Employment Policy: Communication with and About Peoples with Disabilities. ( 2002, August ) . Retrieved February 13, 2010, from United States Department of Labour: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/odep/pubs/fact/comucate.htm When we think about individual centered planning we doubtless must to believe of regard. This web articles does merely that. Persons are sometimes concerned that they will state the wrong thing, so they say nil at all. This farther segregates people with disablements. When composing or talking about people with disablements, it is important to set the individual foremost. Further, words like normal individual imply that the individual with a disablement is non normal. Whereas individual without a disablement is, descriptive but non negative. When acquainted with to a individual with a disablement, it is suiting to suggest to agitate custodies. To demo respect expression straight at the person when speech production to them. If you do non grok something the person says, do non feign that you do. Try to inquire inquiries that necessitate merely short responses or gestures. If you are holding trouble understanding the person, contemplate authorship as a replacement means of pass oni ng. To demo esteem a individual should besides take clip to understand the person and do certain the single understands them. All of these points are really of import when helping an person with developmental disablements with their life program and guaranting that it fits them. Ylvisaker, M. , Hibbard, M. , A ; Feeney, T. ( 2006 ) . What is Social Competence. Retrieved January 27, 2011, from Learn Internet: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.projectlearnet.org/tutorials/social_competence.html This article contains specific information sing societal competency, better known as societal accomplishments. We use the term societal competency instead than the more normally used term societal accomplishments because the term accomplishments suggests that dry run of certain socially positive behaviors is all that a individual requires being socially effectual. In add-on, the precise abilities or actions associated with societal competency differ from one societal puting to another and from one societal group to another. Social competency includes, but is non reserved to effectual societal communicating. Critical to societal achievement is holding knowing, empathic, and capable communicating spouses. A natural and sensible value for effectual societal behavior is care of a sating societal coaction. Social competency is indispensable to a individual with a developmental disablement making their ends. When you are partaking in individual centered be aftering it is highly of im port to guarantee the person you are helping includes societal accomplishment development into their life program. Rose, J. ( 2006 ) . Individual Risk Management Planning ( IRMP ) . Retrieved February 12, 2010, from Irwin Seigal Agency Inc. : hypertext transfer protocol: //tucollaborative.org/pdfs/Toolkits_Monographs_Guidebooks/community_inclusion/Increasing_the_Presence_and_Participation_of_People_with_Psychiatric_Disabilities.pdf This subdivision of an article is about Individual Risk Management ( IRMP ) . IRMP is a process that is entirely built on an person s capablenesss and aims. It is a reconciliation of hazard and wages. Risk direction should foreground safety steps and tactics that will turn to concerns and generate fortunes where hazard is accomplished and just whenever possible. A hazard direction system is constructed upon a strong procedure for observing unreasonable hazard. A hazard direction construction must measure the ability of an person to do knowing picks and to larn from those picks with the duty of back uping an person to be safe. The end of hazard direction planning is to sort possible hazards and to implement patterns that will eliminate or decrease loss consequence. The function of the supplier and the person s squad is to observe those potentially bad experiences , to implement an individualised hazard direction program. Liability is a portion of everyone s life and it should non be excluded from an person s life program. Blaney, J. B. ( n.d. ) . Closing the Gap between Vision and Reality: Building Person-Centered Organizations. Retrieved January 19, 2010, from Reinventing Quality: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reinventingquality.org/docs/blaney.pdf This papers contains pronounced information on leading in individual centered planning organisations. In the person-centered organisation, authorization and answerability must be distributed throughout the system of person-centered squads. The issue is non of place or rubric of the leader, but of what authorization, information, resources and answerability does this squad or squad member require in order to back up life alterations for the person that make a difference. One of the echt functions as described above is that of the Direct Support Professional ( DSP ) . The DSP becomes an sceptered leader within a person-centered squad. The DSP will work closely with the person to guarantee the planning procedure is traveling, as they want. If team members have problem in doing determinations or taking duty, the DSP pursues confirmation of the concern every bit good as answerability of the squad. Leadership is indispensable for Developmental Service Workers when implementing individual c entered planning in the organisations they work with. Smull, M. W. ( 1946 ) . Positive Rituals and Quality of Life. In J. OBrien, A ; C. L. OBrien, a small book about Person Centered Planning ( pp. 51-54 ) . Toronto: Inclusion Press. This subdivision of the book about individual centered planning contains information about rites and a individual s quality of life when populating with a developmental disablement. Conceivably, it is the absence of aware contemplation that has led us to negligence in the function of ritual in the quality of life of people with disablements. It is necessary for those of us who support people with disablements to willfully contemplate the function of ritual and to see the presence of positive rites. Rituals begin every twenty-four hours with our forenoon modus operandis. Support workers besides need to retrieve that some rites are rites of comfort. For Persons with a disablement support worker frequently forget that rites are normal. Not merely are rites apart of standardization but they straight affect a individual s quality of life. A individual with a developmental disablement has the right to hold rites and a individuals desired rites must be considered in individual centered plan ning. In decision, this annotated bibliography contains cardinal points, thoughts, and procedures for individual centered/directed planning. I have learned so much while composing this bibliography, and now have an consciousness of the different types, country, fortes, and beginnings to help a developmental service worker to guarantee they are educated and able to supply the best aid with individual centered planning. With this information, I have learned merely how really of import individual directed planning is, every bit good as how intricate and of import the full procedure is. Person centered/directed planning is an indispensable tool for people with a developmental disablement.

A Biography of Roger B. Chaffee, NASA Astronaut

A Biography of Roger B. Chaffee, NASA Astronaut Roger Bruce Chaffee was born on February 15, 1935. His parents were Donald L. Chaffee and Blanche May Chaffee. He grew up with an older sister in Greenville, Michigan until the age of 7 when the family relocated to Grand Rapids for Donald Chaffees job with the Army. Fast Facts: Roger B. Chaffee Name: Roger Bruce ChaffeeBorn: February 15, 1935 in Grand Rapids, MIDied: January 27, 1967, in the Apollo 1 fire at Kennedy Space CenterParents: Donald Lynn Chaffee, Blanche May ChaffeeSpouse: Martha L. HornChildren: Sheryl Lyn and Stephen.Career: Served in the Navy until his selection as a NASA astronaut in 1963  Education: Air Force Institute of Technology, Purdue UniversityHonors: Congressional Medal of Honor and Navy Air Medal (both posthumous) Chaffee entered the Illinois Institute of Technology as a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) candidate and transferred to Purdue University in 1954, where he studied aeronautical engineering. While there, he entered flight training and qualified as an aviator. Upon graduation, Chaffee finished his Navy training and entered the service as an ensign. He married Martha Louise Horn in 1957 and they had two children. While in the Navy, Chaffee continued flight training in Florida, first at Pensacola and later at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville. Throughout his time there, he logged 2,300 hours of flight time, with much of that occurring in jet aircraft. He was awarded a Navy Air Medal for his work in photographic reconnaissance during his Navy career. Chaffees Career at NASA Early in 1962, Roger Chaffee applied to the NASA astronaut program. Accepted initially, he worked on a masters degree at the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson in Ohio while waiting for the final determination. Chaffees area of study was in reliability engineering, and while there he also continued adding to his flight log. In 1963 he was selected as an astronaut and began training as part of the third group of astronauts ever chosen.   Portrait of Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee. NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC) Chaffee was assigned to the Gemini program and worked as the capsule communications specialist (CAP com) for Gemini 4. He worked on deep space instrumentation equipment and its use. While he never flew a Gemini mission, he was an essential part of the team. Eventually, Chaffee was assigned to Apollo 1, which was then called AS-204 (for Apollo-Saturn). It was scheduled to fly early in 1967.   The crew of Apollo 1 at Launch Complex 34, Virgil I. Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. NASA The Apollo 1 Mission The Apollo program was the series of flights that would eventually lead to astronauts landing on the Moon. For the first mission, the astronauts would test all the spacecraft systems, along with ground-based facilities for tracking and communications. Chaffee, who was familiar with all the Gemini systems, began training with the Apollo engineers in order to understand the capsules capabilities. This included a long series of simulations that led up to what the team called a plugs-out countdown demonstration. This simulation included the astronauts being fully suited up and in the capsule as if it were in flight configuration. This took place on January 27, 1967, and Chaffees role on the mission would be as chief communications expert with the engineers and team members in the mission blockhouse.   All went well until several hours into the mission, when a power surge created an electrical short inside the capsule. That ignited a fire in the capsule materials. The blaze was so intense and hot that it overcame the astronauts while they were trying to escape. Roger Bruce Chaffee and his teammates Gus Grissom and Edward White were all killed in the space of a minute. Later investigation showed that the bare wires and the oxygen-rich atmosphere inside the capsule contributed to the strength of the blaze. It was a huge loss for the space program and focused the nations attention on astronauts and the dangers they face, leading to a major revamp of the capsule interior and hatch for future missions. Apollo 1 and the aftermath of the fire. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) Honors for Roger Chaffee Roger Chaffee was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, along with teammate Gus Grissom. Edward White was buried at West Point.  Chaffee was honored with a second Air Medal by the Navy after his death, along with the Congressional Medal of Honor. He is memorialized in the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, NM, as well as the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in Florida. His name appears on a school, a planetarium, and other facilities, and there is a statue of him in Grand Rapids at the Childrens Museum.   Sources NASA, NASA, www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chaffee-rb.html.NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/chaffee.htm.Voskhod 2, www.astronautix.com/c/chaffee.html.

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Security - Essay Example Characteristics of the attacker Motivation The motivation is to view encrypted files within the limited 9 days’ time frame after which the information loses relevance to the attacker. Access The attacker has only access to physical location of the workstation though the time is limited to only 43 minutes. Skills and risk aversion The attacker is risk averse and has idea on file encryption techniques. The attacker is not mindful of the legal and ethical ramifications of the operation but he is not willing to attain his goal through violent means. Basic Attack tree Possible attacks Special Equipment Required Attack tree against AES Goal: Read a message encrypted with AES 1. Decrypt the message itself. (OR) 1.1. Break asymmetric encryption.(OR) 1.1.1. Brute-force breaks asymmetric encryption. (OR) 1.1.2. Mathematically break asymmetric encryption (OR) 1.1.2.1. Break RSA. (OR) 1.1.2.2. Factor RSA modulus/calculate AES discrete log. 1.1.3 Cryptanalyze asymmetric encryption 1.1.3.1. General cryptanalysis of RSA/ AES (OR) 1.1.3.2. Exploiting weakness in RSA/ AES. (OR) 1.1.3.3. Timing attacks on RSA/ AES. 1.2. Break symmetric-key encryption. (OR) 1.2.1. Brute-force break symmetric-key encryption. (OR) 1.2.2. Cryptanalysis of symmetric-key encryption. 2. ... 2.1.3. Have the file encrypted with a different public key in the background unknown to the owner. 2.2. Have the owner sign the encrypted symmetric key. (OR) 2.3. Monitor owner’s computer memory. (OR) 2.4. Monitor other user back-up storage memory. (OR) 2.5. Determine the key from pseudorandom number generator. (OR) 2.5.1. Determine the state of randseed. Bin when the message was encrypted. (OR) 2.5.2. Implant software (virus) that deterministically alters the state of randseed.bin. (OR) 2.5.3. Implant the software that directly affects the choice of symmetric key. 2.6. Implant a virus that exposes the symmetric key. 3. Get owner to (help) decrypt message. (OR) 3.1. Chosen cipher text attack on symmetric key. (OR) 3.2. Chosen cipher text attack on public key. (OR) 3.3. Ghost the drives to an external storage medium. (OR) 3.4. Monitor outgoing data from the owner’s computers through the network. (OR) 3.5. Intercept transferable data through the network (OR) 3.6. Read dec rypted intercepted file. 3.6.1. Copy the message from the owner’s hard drive or virtual memory. (OR) 3.6.2. Copy the files from back-up media (OR) 3.6.3. Monitor network traffic. (OR) 3.6.4. Use electromagnetic snooping techniques to read files as they are displayed on the screen (OR) 3.6.5. Recover read message from print-out 4. Obtain private key from the owner 4.1. Factor RSA modulus/ calculate AES discrete log. (OR) 4.2. Get private key of owner. (OR) 4.2.1. Obtain encrypted owners private key ring. (OR) 4.2.1.1. Copy it from owner’s hard drive. (OR) 4.2.1.2. Copy it from disk backups. (OR) 4.2.1.3. Monitor network traffic. (OR) 4.2.1.4. Implant virus or worm to expose copy of the encrypted private key. 4.2.2. Decrypt Private Key.

Summary and Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary and Response - Essay Example Malcolm X and his peers did not join the army because of the racial tensions between themselves and the whites. Whether or not these young African Americans were wearing these suits to be unpatriotic or to just have fun is the riddle of the Zoot. The working class of African Americans’ plight consisted of low paying, dirty, and dead end jobs which did little to inspire hard work. Many did work hard, while some like Malcolm X turned to illegal methods to make money. Either way, working class or criminal, to go out and have fun in a Zoot suit, with conked hair gave young people a way to relax. The use of Malcolm X to examine the riddle of Zoot by the author is an interesting choice. Whereas there are other famous Zoot suit wearers of the time who did not denounce their actions, Malcolm X scoffed as his days in a Zoot suit. Malcolm X seemed embarrassed by his days in a Zoot suit. This could be as the author suggested as shame because of his conversion to Islam, but in reality the opinion of this author is Malcolm X was ashamed of having fun when so much work needed to be done to advance his people. He must of thought about all the wasted time spent in jail, dancing at Roseland, and wearing his Zoot suit in his youth. If Malcolm X would have converted to Islam earlier or started to spread his message sooner, history could have been changed. This author thinks that Malcolm X felt that he wasted his youth and mourned his lost time. What Malcolm X did not realize is his Zoot suit days helped shape his views as much as his conversion to Islam. The injustices he saw, the injustices that forced him to turn to crime helped form his personality. These shameful memories helped Malcolm X become one of the greatest leaders of our time. During these times he was kid being shaped by his environment. Before learning the disciple of